Overview of some important Ecological and Taxonomic studies on the genera Macaranga and Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae).
Blattner, F.R., Weising, K., Bänfer, G., Maschwitz, U, Fiala, B. (2001) Molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships among myrmecophytic Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(3): 331-344
Bluthgen, N., Reifenrath, K. (2003) Extrafloral nectaries in an Australian rainforest: structure and distribution. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 515-527.
Davies, S.J. (1998) Photosynthesis of nine pioneer Macaranga species from Borneo in relation to life history. Ecology 79(7): 2292-2308
Davies, S.J. (2001) Tree mortality and growth in 11 sympatric Macaranga species in Borneo. Ecology 82(4): 920-932
Davies, S.J. (2003) Ethnobotany of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) among the Kedayan of Brunei Darussalam. Harvard Papers in Botany 7(1): 7-12
Davies, S.J., Ashton, P.S. (1999) Phenology and fecundity in 11 sympatric pioneer species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Borneo. American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1786-1795
Davies, S.J., Lum, S.K.Y., Chan, R., Wang, L.K. (2001) Evolution of myrmecophytism in western Malesian Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Evolution 55(8): 1542-1559
Davies, S.J., Palmiotto, P.A., Ashton, P.S., Lee, H.S., LaFrankie, J.V. (1998) Comparative ecology of 11 sympatric species of Macaranga in Borneo: tree distribution in relation to horizontal and vertical resource heterogeneity. Journal of Ecology 86: 662-673
Federle, W., Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U. (1998) Camponotus (Colobopsis) (Mayr 1861) and Macaranga (Thouars 1806): a specific two-partner ant-plant system from Malaysia. Tropical Zoology 11: 83-94
Federle, W., Maschwitz, U., Fiala, B. (1998) The two-partner ant-plant system of Camponotus (Colobopsis) sp.1 and Macaranga punticulata (Euphorbiaceae): natural history of the exceptional ant partner. Insectes Sociaux 45: 1-16
Federle, W., Maschwitz, U., Fiala, B., Riederer, M., Holldobler, B. (1997) Slippery ant-plants and skilful climbers: selection and protection of specific ant partners by epicuticular wax blooms in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Oecologia 112: 217-224
Feldhaar, H., Fiala, B., Gadau, J., Mohamed, M., Maschwitz, U. (2003) Molecular phylogeny of Crematogaster subgenus Decacrema ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the colonization of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 441-452
Feldhaar, H., Fiala, B., bin Hasim, R., Maschwitz, U. (2000) Maintaining an ant-plant symbiosis: secondary polygyny in the Macaranga triloba - Crematogaster sp. association. Naturwissenschaften 87: 408-411
Feldhaar, H., Fiala, B., bin Hasim, R., Maschwitz, U. (2003) Patterns of the Crematogaster-Macaranga association: the ant partner makes the difference. Insectes Sociaux 50: 9-19
Fiala, B., Grunsky, H., Maschwitz, U., Linsenmair, K.E. (1994) Diversity of ant-plant interactions: protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant association. Oecologia 97: 186-192
Fiala, B., Jakob, A., Maschwitz, U., Linsenmair, K.E. (1999) Diversity, evolutionary specialization and geographic distribution of a mutualistic ant-plant complex: Macaranga and Crematogaster in South East Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66: 305-331
Fiala, B., Linsenmair, K.E. (1995) Distribution and abundance of plants with extrafloral nectaries in the woody flora of a lowland primary forest in Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 165-182
Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U. (1990) Studies on the South East Asian ant-plant association Crematogaster borneensis / Macaranga: adaptations of the ant partner. Insectes Sociaux 37: 212-231
Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U. (1991) Extrafloral nectaries in the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysia: comparative studies of their possible significance as predispositions for myrmecophytism. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 44: 287-305
Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U. (1992) Domatia as the most important adaptations in the evolution of myrmecophytes in the paleotropical tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 180: 53-64
Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U. (1992) Food bodies and their significance for obligate ant-association in the tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 61-75
Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U., Linsenmair, K.E. (1996) Macaranga caladiifolia, a New Type of Ant-plant Among Southeast Asian Myrmecophytic Macaranga Species. Biotropica 28(3): 408-412
Gibbons, J.M., Newbery, D.M. (2002) Drought avoidance and the effect of local topography on trees in the understorey of Bornean lowland rain forest. Plant Ecology 164: 1-18
Heckroth, H.P., Fiala, B., Gullan, P.J., Idris, A.H., Maschwitz, U. (1998) The soft scale (Coccidae) associates of Malaysian ant-plants. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 427-443
Heil, M., Delsinne, T., Hilpert, A., Schürkens, S., Andary, C., Linsenmair, K.E., Sousa, M., McKey, D. (2002) Reduced chemical defense in ant-plants? A critical re-evaluation of a widely accepted hypothesis. OIKOS 99: 457-468
Heil, M., Fiala, B., Baumann, B., Linsenmair, K.E. (2000) Temporal, spatial and biotic variations in extrafloral nectar secretion by Macaranga tanarius. Functional Ecology 14: 749-757
Heil, M., Fiala, B., Kaiser, W., Linsenmair, K.E. (1998) Chemical contents of Macaranga food bodies: adaptations to their role in ant attraction and nutrition. Functional Ecology 12: 117-122
Heil, M., Fiala, B., Linsenmair, K.E., Zotz, G., Menke, P., Maschwitz, U. (1997) Food body production in Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae): a plant investment in anti-herbivore defence via symbiotic ant partners. Journal of Ecology 85: 847-861
Heil, M., Fiala, B., Maschwitz, U., Linsenmair, K.E. (2001) On benefits of indirect defense: short- and long-term studies of antiherbivore protection via mutualistic ants. Oecologia 126: 395-403
Heil, M., Hilpert, A., Fiala, B., Linsenmair, K.E. (2001) Nutrient availability and indirect (biotic) defence in a Malaysian ant-plant. Oecologia 126: 404-408
Itioka, T., Nomura, M., Inui, Y., Itono, T., Inoue, T. (2000) Difference in intensity of ant defense among three species of Macaranga myrmecophytes in a SouthEast Asian dipterocarp forest. Biotropica 32(2): 318-326
Kleier, C., Ainsworth, L., Rundel, P. (2001) Sunlight foraging in two tropical Southeast Asian pioneer tree species: Macaranga denticulata and Mallotus paniculatus. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 49: 231-241
Kohyama, T., Suzuki, E., Hotta, M. (1994) Spatial distribution pattern of representative tree species in a foothill rain forest in West Sumatra. Tropics 4(1): 1-15
Markstädter, C., Federle, W., Jetter, R., Riederer, M., Holldobler, B. (2000) Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) ant-plants. Chemoecology 10: 33-40
Maschwitz, U., Fiala, B., Davies, S.J., Linsenmair, K.E. (1996) A South-East Asian Myrmecophyte with two alternative inhabitants: Camponotus or Crematogaster as partners of Macaranga lamellata. Ecotropica 2: 29-40
Moog, U., Fiala, B., Federle, W., Maschwitz, U. (2002) Thrips pollination of the dioecious ant plant Macaranga hullettii (Euphorbiaceae) in Southeast Asia. American Journal of Botany 89(1): 50-59
Murase, K., Itioka, T., Nomura, M., Yamane, S. (2003) Intraspecific variation in the status of ant symbiosis on a myrmecophyte, Macaranga bancana, between primary and secondary forests in Borneo. Population Ecology 45: 221-226
Nomura, M., Itioka, T., Itino, T. (2000) Variations in abiotic defence within myrmecophytic and non-myrmecophytic species of Macaranga in a Bornean dipterocarp forest. Ecological Research 15: 1-11
Pinard, M., Howlett, B., Davidson, D. (1996) Site Conditions Limit Pioneer Tree Recruitment After Logging of Dipterocarp Forests in Sabah, Malaysia. Biotropica 28(1): 2-12
Primack, R.B., Lee, H.S. (1991) Population dynamics of pioneer (Macaranga) trees and understorey (Mallotus) trees (Euphorbiaceae) in primary and selectively logged Bornean forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 439-458
Slik, J.W.F., Kessler, P.J.A., van Welzen, P.C. (2003) Macaranga and Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) as indicators for disturbance in the mixed lowland dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan (Indonesia). Ecological Indicators 2(4): 311-324
Slik, J.W.F., Verburg, R.W., Kessler, P.J.A. (2002) Effects of fire and selective logging on the tree species composition of lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 85-98
Tan, G.C.H., Ong, B.L., Turner, I.M. (1994) The photosynthetic performance of six early successional tropical tree species. Photosynthetica 30(2): 201-206
Whitmore, T.C. (1969) First thoughts on species evolution in Malayan Macaranga (Studies in Macaranga III). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 223-231
Yamada, T., Okuda, O., Abdullah, M., Awang, M., Furukawa, A. (2000) Oecologia 125: 476-482
Adam, J.H. (1995) Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) of Sabah and Sarawak. The Sarawak Museum Journal 48(69): 257-268
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1972) The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bulletin 26
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1975) The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin Additional series 4
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980) The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin Additional Series 8
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1981) The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulletin 36
Airy Shaw, H.K. (1983) An alphabetical enumeration of the Euphorbiaceae of the Philippine islands. Royal Botanic Gardens Publication, Kew, UK
Blattner, F.R., Weising, K., Bänfer, G., Maschwitz, U, Fiala, B. (2001) Molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships among myrmecophytic Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(3): 331-344
Bollendorff, S.M., van Welzen, P.C., Slik, J.W.F. (2000) A taxonomic revision of Mallotus section Polyadenii (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 45: 319-340
Davies, S.J. (2001) Systematics of Macaranga sects. Pachystemon and Pruinosae (Euphorbiaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 6(2): 371-448
Davies, S.J., Lum, S.K.Y., Chan, R., Wang, L.K. (2001) Evolution of myrmecophytism in western Malesian Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Evolution 55(8): 1542-1559
Foster, P.I. (1999) A taxonomic revision of Mallotus Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 5: 457-497
Nowicke, J.W., Takahashi, M. (2002) Pollen morphology, exine structure and systematics of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae), part 4. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 121: 231-336
Pax, F.A., Hoffmann, K. (1914) Euphorbiaceae - Acalypheae - Mercurialinae. In: Engler, A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV.147.vii
Slik, J.W.F., Priyono, van Welzen, P.C. (2000) Key to the Macaranga Thou. and Mallotus Lour. species (Euphorbiaceae) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Garden's Bulletin Singapore 52: 11-87
Slik, J.W.F., van Welzen, P.C. (2001) A phylogeny of Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) based on morphology: indications for a pioneer origin of Macaranga. Systematic Botany 26(4): 786-796
Slik, J.W.F., van Welzen, P.C. (2001) A taxonomic revision of Mallotus sections Hancea and Stylanthus (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 3-66
Takahashi, M., Nowicke, J.W., Webster, G.L., Orli, S.S., Yankowski, S. (2000) Pollen morphology, exine structure, and systematics of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae), part 3 Tribes Epiprineae (Epiprinus, Symphyllia, Adenochlaena, Cleidiocarpon, Koilodepas, Cladogynos, Cephalocrotonopsis, Cephalocroton, Cephalomappa), Adelieae (Adelia, Crotonogynopsis, Enriquebeltrania, Lasiocroton, Leucocroton), Alchorneae (Orfilea, Alchornea, Coelebogyne, Aparisthmium, Bocquillonia, Conceveiba, Gavarretia), Acalypheae pro parte (Ricinus, Adriana, Mercurialis, Leidesia, Dysopsis, Wetria, Cleidion, Sampantaea, Macaranga). Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 110: 1-66
Vogel, M., Bänfer, G., Moog, U., Weising, K. (2003) Development and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Genome 46: 845-857
Webster, G.L. (1994) Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81
Whitmore, T.C. (1967) Studies in Macaranga, an easy genus of Malayan wayside trees. The Malayan Nature Journal 20(3): 89-99