Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 236 1970

Synonyms
Arcaula spicata Raf.
Lithocarpus collettii (King) A.Camus
Lithocarpus elegans var. collettii (King) H.B.Naithani & S.N.Biswas
Lithocarpus finetii (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
Lithocarpus gelinicus C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang [Illegitimate]
Lithocarpus gracilipes S.H.Huang & al.
Lithocarpus grandifolius (D.Don) S.N.Biswas
Lithocarpus intermedius Barnett
Lithocarpus microcalyx (Korth.) A.Camus
Lithocarpus rhioensis (Hance) A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Lithocarpus spicatus var. collettii (King ex Hook. f.) Hand.-Mazz.
Lithocarpus spicatus var. elegans (Blume) A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus var. glaberrimus (Blume) A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus var. gracilipes (Miq.) A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus var. placentarius (Blume) A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus var. poilaneana A.Camus
Lithocarpus spicatus var. polycarpus A.Camus
Pasania finetii Hickel & A.Camus
Pasania mixta (A.DC.) Oerst.
Pasania placentaria (Blume) Oerst.
Pasania pseudomolucca (Morales ex A.DC.) Oerst.
Pasania spicata Oerst.
Pasania spicata var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Hu
Quercus anceps Korth.
Quercus arcaula var. microcalyx (Korth.) Blume
Quercus arcaula var. racemosa Blume
Quercus arcola Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Quercus depressa Blume
Quercus elegans Blume
Quercus glaberrima Blume
Quercus gracilipes Miq.
Quercus grandifolia D.Don
Quercus hystrix var. longispica Gamble
Quercus microcalyx Korth.
Quercus mixta A.DC.
Quercus placentaria Blume
Quercus pseudomolucca Morales ex A.DC.
Quercus racemosa Jack [Illegitimate]
Quercus rhioensis Hance
Quercus sphacelata Blume
Quercus spicata Sm. [Illegitimate]
Quercus spicata var. collettii King
Quercus spicata var. collettii King ex Hook. f.
Quercus spicata var. depressa (Blume) King
Quercus spicata var. glaberrima (Blume) A.DC.
Quercus spicata var. gracilipes (Miq.) A.DC.
Quercus spicata var. gracilipes Hook.f. [Illegitimate]
Quercus spicata var. latifolia Scheff.
Quercus spicata var. microcalyx (Korth.) Miq.
Quercus spicata var. placentaria (Blume) Miq.
Quercus spicata var. racemosa Miq.
Quercus squamata Roxb.
Synaedrys pseudomolucca (Morales ex A.DC.) Koidz.
Synaedrys spicata Koidz.

Diagnostics
Upper canopy tree up to 42 m tall and 81 cm dbh. Stipules small. Leaves alternate, simple, penni-veined, glabrous. Flowers ca. 3 mm diameter, yellowish, placed in racemes. Fruits ca. 18 mm diameter, greenish, nut with basal cupule.

Description
Tree up to 30(-42) m tall, 70(-81) cm diameter. Bark deeply fissured or lenticellate, greyish brown; inner bark granular, reddish or brownish. Sapwood yellowish or brownish. Twigs sparsely tomentose, late-glabrescent, sparsely to densely large-lenticellate. Stipules ovate to linear, 3-6 x 1-2 mm. Leaves coriaceous, rarely thick-coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; narrowly to broadly obovate or elliptic, (9-)12-17(-21) x 3-6(-8) cm, base acute or cuneate, margin revolute, apex bluntly acute or acuminate, acumen 10-15(-20) mm long; midrib raised on both surfaces; lateral veins thin, (11-)13-16(-18) pairs, lax, slightly raised or flat or sometimes impressed above, raised below, faintly joining near the leaf margin, forming an angle of 40-60 degrees with the midrib; intercostal venation subscalariform or rarely reticulate, lax, obscure above, prominent below; petiole 7-15 mm long. Inflorescences male, androgynous or mixed. Male inflorescences 10-20 cm long; bracts ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm; bracteoles elliptic, c. 0.5 x 0.2 mm. Male flowers solitary but closely arranged along the rachis; perianth lobes rounded, 1-1.2 mm across; stamens filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode globose, c. 1 mm diameter. Androgynous or mixed inflorescences 12-20 cm long; bracts and bracteoles broadly ovate, 1-1.3 x 0.9-1 mm. Female flowers in cluster of (2-)3-7(-10) along the rachis; perianth lobes acute, c. 0.7 x 0.5 mm; staminodes 12; styles cylindrical, straight, c. 1 mm long. Cupules in clusters 3-7 or rarely solitary along the rachis, sessile or with stalk c. 5 mm long, cup-shaped, 1-1.5 x (1-)2-2.5(-3) cm, densely appressed tomentose, scaly; wall woody, thin, enclosing up to half of the acorn; scale-like appendages distinct, appressed, woody, imbricate, set in regular lines. Acorns ovoid or depressed ovoid to subglobose, (1-)1.5-2(-2.3) x (1-)2-2.5(-3) cm, most part exserted, glabrous, brownish; base flat, apex rounded; scar flat or concave, 1-1.5 cm diameter; wall woody, thin, most part free from the cupule. [from Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak]

Ecology
In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp and sub-montane forests up to 1900 m altitude. Along rivers and on hillsides. Found on sandy soils.

Distribution
From Pakistan and India into Indo-China, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes.

Uses
The wood is used for building in Assam and for charcoal in Darjeeling. It coppices freely and is often almost gregarious or mixed with chestnut, Engelhardtia and Schima. It is very durable and does not warp. The acorns are edible but seldom eaten.

Local names
Borneo: Tihaig (Dusun, Banggi), Berungulad (Kelabit).
China: Er ye ke.
English: Spike oak, Sunda oak.
Nepal: Arkhaule/Arkhaulo.