Harpullia cupanioides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2:86 (1826)

Synonyms
Ay-Assa Rumph.
Cupania blumei Steud.
Cupania rupestris Cambess.
Donatophorus erythrospermus Zipp. ex Macklot
Harpullia confusa Blume
Harpullia cupanioides var latifolia Miq.
Harpullia fraxinifolia Blume
Harpullia fruticosa Blume
Harpullia juglandifolia Blume
Harpullia juglandifolia var multiflora Blume
Harpullia longithyrsifera Kanethira & Hatusima
Harpullia macrocalyx Radlk.
Harpullia obscura Radlk.
Harpullia rupestris Blume
Harpullia thanatophora Blume
Tina rupestris Blume

Description
(Shrub to) tree, up to 20(-40) m high, dbh up to 40(-100) cm, with buttresses up to 2 m high and 2 m spreading. Twigs 2-10 mm thick. Leaves (1-)3-6(-7)-jugate, petiole up to 20 cm long, petiolules 2-12 mm long. Leaflets ovate (lower ones) to elliptic to obovate (upper ones), 5-36 by 2-15 cm,index 1.5-4, herbaceous to chartaceous. Inflorescences axillary (to pseudoterminal to truly terminal), erect or pendulous, infructescences more often pendulous, solitary, 5-85 cm long; bract small, simple (or ternate) leaves. Flowers fragrant. Sepals elliptic to suborbicular, 3-6 by 2.5-4.5 mm, persistent in fruit. Petals oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 5-10 by 2-3 mm, white to creamy, glabrous. Disc complete, low, short-velvety. Stamens 5 (or6); folament 2.5-3.5 mm long, white, greyish, yellow, or dark mauve. Pistil 2-locular; ovary light green, yellow, or reddish brown. Fruits slightlyt kidney-shaped, transversely ellipsoid, broadly ovoid, obovoid, or globular, 12-20 by 12-32.5 mm. Seeds shiny brown to black with a bright glossy red arillode.

Ecology
Primary and secondary rainforest, more rarely in open forest, teak forest, tidal forest, scrub, or on open places; often on slopes and ridges, on river banks and along ravins, also on flats and along the beach, usually on dry soil; rocky, sand, clay, or loam, usually on limestone on fertile volcamic soils; sea level up to 1200(-1800) m altitude.

Uses
The wood is used for charcoal and as firewood, and the bark is used as a fish poison.

Distribution
From India, Bangladesh and Southern China to New Guinea and Australia.

Local names
Jiashanluo (China).